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GMAT 逻辑推理:混淆选项中的双重否定

Newspaper editorial: In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released from prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.

政府为了降低犯罪率,决定对囚犯采取强硬措施,并让监狱条件更加恶劣。其中一项措施就是剥夺囚犯接受大学课程的权利。然而,这种做法显然与政府的最终目标背道而驰,因为出狱后,那些曾接受过此类课程的囚犯,其整体犯罪次数远低于其他囚犯。

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.


这里是一个假设题上很常见的陷阱混淆选项。

遇到带两个否定的因果(如这里的be unlikely to deter表因果)的时候,要特别注意逻辑上的等价命题:若P则Q只能推到若非Q则非P(注意是逆否),反之亦然——若非Q则非P 只能推回 若P则Q。

P->Q 推出 Q’->P’,但不能推出 P’->Q’

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举个例子:若下过雨 (P),则地上会湿 (Q)。这句话可以推导出「若地上没湿 (Q’),则一定没下过雨 (P’)」。但你不能说「若没下过雨 (P’),则地上一定不会湿 (Q’)」。

理解了这个逻辑之后,我们再来看选项 A 如何推导其等价命题:

Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison (Q’) is unlikely to deter (P’) anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.

(Q’: 不能上课; P’: 不太会阻止犯罪)

根据 P->Q 的逻辑,我们只能推出 P->Q:若能阻止这些人犯罪,则这些人是会有机会接受教育的。这与文章主题明显无关。而不能推出 Q->P,即不能说「若能上课则会停止犯罪」。

(我猜这就是很多人一开始看到A选项会觉得不错的原因:如果能上课就不会犯罪的话,确认上课必要性,结论不就成立了吗?)

所以请各位以后看到双重否定因果的时候,多留意逆否命题的推法。

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