GMAT 复盘技巧：让题目联想到题目，而不是联想到规则

• 很多考生总想着“我都这么努力了，为什么最后却没有进步？”然而，如果你的努力是定义在“花很多时间刷很多题目写很多笔记”，那么就完全错误了。

高分者在实战做题时，心里都想着什么？

• 一般人做题是想到“对应到哪条之前背过的规则”，高手做题是想到“这个题目跟过去做过的哪些官方题目类似。”这是高分者最大的秘密。
• 题目做多少不是唯一的重点，重点在于你是否有用确实的方式做总结。如果你花了两三个小时做了二十到三十题，但是都只是上网看解说，或者用自己的主观想法做检讨，那是完全没有作用的。
• 但如果你专心先做五到六道题，虽然一开始会觉得“我只做这些题目真的有用吗？”，但是你每道题都是针对每一个考点找到出题模式、测验思维类似的官方题目做归类，那么一个题目假设有五个考点，你为了归类就会不断地去找其他官方题目，并且去思考眼前这题与其他题在设计上的关联性，其实你默默地就已经在背后对照过20-30道题了。
• 这种时候就算表面上只做了五到六题总结，但事实上你已经复习了非常多道题。更重要的是，你是注重“题目与题目之间的共同设计逻辑”，而不是单一题目的内容本身。
• 再度重申：一般人做题是想到“对应到哪条之前背过的规则”，高手做题是想到“这个题目跟过去做过的哪些官方题目类似。”
• 以下我会提供一些范例，让大家看看什么叫“找亲兄弟”的检讨思维。

什么是Critical Reasoning亲兄弟？

找出同样行文逻辑与正确答案回应方向的亲兄弟。

• As part of major renovations to Flowertown’s Main Street train station, consultants to the train company proposed moving the station’s entrance from its current valuable Main Street location to a low-rent adjoining side street and then leasing the high-rent entrance space to retail businesses. In that way, the train company could easily pay for those and all other proposed renovations without negative impact on its tight budget.（火车站打算把正门租给商场收租金，让旅客从侧门进出，来让财政平衡。）Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the consultants’ proposal?
  • (B) A reliable survey of Flowertown’s commuters showed that virtually none of them would use the train any less frequently if the station’s entrance were moved.（把正门租给别人（副业赚钱），但是乘客看到要走侧门会不会就不来了？（你的本业会不会因此受害？））
• NorthAir charges low fares for its economy-class seats, but it provides very cramped seating and few amenities. Market research shows that economy passengers would willingly pay more for wider seating and better service, and additional revenue provided by these higher ticket prices would more than cover the additional cost of providing these amenities. Even though NorthAir is searching for ways to improve its profitability, it has decided not to make these improvements.（经济舱乘客体验很烂。经济舱乘客们其实愿意多加点钱换好点的体验。虽然提升体验可以满足经济舱乘客，从他们手上多拿点钱，但是公司还是不愿意这么做。）Which of the following, if true, would most help to explain NorthAir’s decision in light of its objectives?
  • (E) The number of people who would be willing to pay the high fares NorthAir charges for its business-class seats would decrease if its economy-class seating were more acceptable.（经济舱变好的话，就没人要坐商务舱了。（标准的顾此失彼））

找出同样逻辑错误的“混淆选项”亲兄弟。

• Installing scrubbers in smokestacks and switching to cleaner-burning fuel are the two methods available to Northern Power for reducing harmful emissions from its plants. Scrubbers will reduce harmful emissions more than cleaner-burning fuels will. Therefore, by installing scrubbers, Northern Power will be doing the most that can be done to reduce harmful emissions from its plants.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
  • (C) Northern Power is not necessarily committed to reducing harmful emissions from its plants.（混淆选项：从论证目的是否达到，变成论证目的是否有必要。）
• Increased use of incineration is sometimes advocated as a safe way to dispose of chemical waste. But opponents of incineration point to the 40 incidents involving unexpected releases of dangerous chemical agents that were reported just last year at two existing incinerators commissioned to destroy a quantity of chemical waste material. Since designs for proposed new incinerators include no additional means of preventing such releases, leaks will only become more prevalent if use of incineration increases.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
  • (C) The capacity of existing incinerators is sufficient to allow for increased incineration of chemical waste without any need for new incinerators.（混淆选项：从论证目的是否达到，变成论证方法是否有必要。）

什么是Reading Comprehension亲兄弟？

找出相同文章架构语气的亲兄弟。

• Eco efficiency (measures to minimize environmental impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes) has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing significant cost savings from such innovations.（大众观点） Peter Senge and Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simply adopting eco efficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future. Such innovations reduce production waste but do not alter the number of products manufactured nor the waste generated from their use and discard; indeed, most companies invest in eco efficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is no guarantee that increased economic growth from eco efficiency will come in similarly eco efficient ways, since in today`s global markets, greater profits may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries. Even a vastly more eco efficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and species than would a smaller, less eco efficient economy.（批评） Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global environment and sustain economic growth, businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste. Focusing exclusively on eco efficiency, which offers a compelling business case according to established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models. （建议）
• —
• Many United States companies believe that the rising cost of employees’ health care benefits has hurt the country’s competitive position in the global market by raising production costs and thus increasing the prices of exported and domestically sold goods. As a result, these companies have shifted health care costs to employees in the form of wage deductions or high deductibles.（大众观点） This strategy, however, has actually hindered companies’ competitiveness. For example, cost shifting threatens employees’ health because many do not seek preventive screening. Also, labor relations have been damaged: the percentage of strikes in which health benefits were a major issue rose from 18 percent in 1986 to 78 percent in 1989.（批评） Health care costs can be managed more effectively if companies intervene in the supply side of health care delivery just as they do with other key suppliers: strategies used to procure components necessary for production would work in procuring health care. For example, the make/buy decision–the decision whether to produce or purchase parts used in making a product–can be applied to health care. At one company, for example, employees receive health care at an on-site clinic maintained by the company. The clinic fosters morale, resulting in a low rate of employees leaving the company. Additionally, the company has constrained the growth of health care costs while expanding medical services.（建议）

找出干扰选项相同陷阱设计的亲兄弟。

• Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements. However, statistical analyses reveal that demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate with variations in the total number of temporary workers. Instead, these analyses suggest that factors affecting employers account for the rise in temporary employment. One factor is product demand: temporary employment is favored by employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand for products while at the same time seeking to reduce overall labor costs. Another factor is labor`s reduced bargaining strength, which allows employers more control over the terms of employment. Given the analyses, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions. Government policymakers should consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference.According to the passage, which of the following is true of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentioned in the passage?
  • (E) Most experts cite them as having initiated the growth in temporary employment that occurred during the 1980s.（此题E选项故意用全面性的用字搞“范围扩张”的过度推论。）
• Jon Clark`s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism. Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman`s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager`s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism. The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization. Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments…The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in highlight text primarily in order to
  • (B) define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology（此题B选项故意用全面性的用字搞“范围扩张”的过度推论。）

大海捞针，茫茫题海，我该往哪里去找“亲兄弟”？

• 过去的你，复习讲义跟做题检讨是分开的。但是讲义的顺序跟考试遇到题目的顺序不可能一样，结果就会变成讲义听懂了，做题不知道要用哪个观念。而做题目不回去翻讲义对照亲兄弟，反而去看网上牛鬼蛇神的解释，会导致你心中的观念变成多头马车，各自冲突而无所适从，变得跟打套杂家乱拳一样。
• 讲义就是你最好的工具！讲义是经由授课者先行分类思维，并且挑出具代表性的例题。通过翻找讲义比对例题跟你眼前这一题是否相像，你就是在大量动用与锻炼自己的联想与逻辑思考能力。

一旦做了，就请坚持。

• 在通往高分的路上，路边的风景会丑到你想骂脏话。这个方法知易行难，初始时间成本大，需要的时间甚至会比你以前更多，大量的比对、思考与联想会比你以前大量刷题更累。
• 但是事实上我们只是把时间的分配改变。以前你追求的是70%刷题，20%写笔记，10%思考。现在变成70%思考比对（找亲兄弟），20%写题目，10%笔记。
• 只要你能够坚持下去，各种零散的观念与题目最终能串成一张网。让你在考试时看到任何新题都不再陌生，因为你脑中浮现的不是一条条规则，而是它似曾相识的官方练习题亲兄弟。