GMAT CR 混淆選項設計:「雙重否定因果」
Newspaper editorial: In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released from prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
在 GMAT 考試的 Critical Reasoning (CR) 部分,考生們經常會遇到一種極具挑戰性的邏輯難題,那就是「GMAT CR 雙重否定因果」的推理模式。這種複雜的因果關係,要求我們仔細辨識前提與結論之間的隱微連結,就像這段新聞社論所呈現的經典案例:為了減少犯罪率,政府打算不讓囚犯上課,然而此舉卻可能與其目的牴觸,因為有上課的囚犯出獄後再犯次數較低。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
GMAT CR 雙重否定因果:掌握 GMAT 考試的核心邏輯
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在 GMAT CR 雙重否定因果的題目中,理解 P->Q 絕對可以推出 Q’->P’ 但絕對不會等於 P’->Q’ 這項邏輯是關鍵。
比如若下過雨(P)則地上會濕(Q),可以推得「若地上沒濕(Q’),則一定沒下過雨(P’)」。但絕對不能說「若沒下過雨(P’),則地上一定不會濕(Q’)」。
強化完這個觀念,對於 GMAT 考試的各類題型,我們就來看A選項要怎麼推等價命題:
Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison (Q’) is unlikely to deter (P’) anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
(Q’:若不能上課,則P’:不太會停止犯罪)
只能推得P->Q:若可以阻止這些人犯罪,則這些人是會有機會受到教育的。(很明顯的主題無關)
這些細微的邏輯差異,正是 GMAT Focus Edition 考試中 Critical Reasoning 部分的考點。掌握 GMAT CR 雙重否定因果的精髓,將能有效提升你的解題準確度。

