1. 一般代名詞
The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit.
- it當代名詞,是最常見的用法。指代前方(偶爾會指代後方)非人單數。
- 如果it不是出現在整個text(也就是整段文字)的句首,則優先往此方向思考。
- 檢查:是否前方有單數非人名詞代進來語意是合理的。
- 沒有「就近指代」的錯誤。it有權指代整句話裡任何單數非人名詞。
- 如果一個選項用it,另一個選項使用清楚名詞,且語意都合理,則後者會比前者清晰;因為一般代名詞本身有歧義(可以指代句子任何單數非人名詞)。
2. 虛詞(虛主詞、虛受詞)
However much United States voters may agree that there is waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state.
A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage without another doctor’s testimony about proper medical procedures.
- it做虛主/受詞(大部份時候是虛主詞),是第二常見的用法。
- 指代該句後方出現的「不定詞片語」(toV)。
- 如果it出現在 1)句子的主詞 或 2)動詞的受詞,且後面有被補語夾住,則優先往it作虛詞的方向思考。
- 用it當虛詞的目的,是為了將太長的不定詞片語倒裝到較短的補語後面,避免前長後短的頭重腳輕,或者是避免一組動詞固定搭配被夾在中間當受詞的不定詞拆太開,讓句子讀起來更流暢更容易清晰。
- 如例句一的原句會是:To find broad support for a movement toward a minimal state is difficult. 明顯頭重腳輕。例句二的原句是:A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find to prove damage without another doctor’s testimony about proper medical procedures difficult. 聽的人很難抓到difficult是跟著find一組的。
- 檢查是不是更後面有不定詞片語可以代替,有的話嘗試帶入還原。
- 若是還原的寫法沒有頭重腳輕,則無必要使用虛詞倒裝。
- 因為不是代名詞,所以不會有雙重指代的問題。
3. 強調句(分裂句)
As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health-related items.
- 最少出現的用法。有固定的結構:「it is …. that………」,很好判斷。
- 強調句的作用是把一個S+V裡需要強調的成分(動詞除外)單獨提到that前面(就好像拉到台上打spotlight),剩餘的部分擺在後面。
- 比如例句的原句應該是 prescriptions attract the customers. 為了強調prescriptions 所以將其調到前面,剩餘的留在後面。如果今天要強調受詞customers,則句子就會寫成 it is customers that prescriptions primarily attract.
- 這個用法大部分的人都會跟虛詞搞混,而嘗試要還原it。請不要這樣做!如例句若硬還原就會變成That attract the customers is primarily prescriptions. 你反而會覺得它結構錯誤而把它刪掉了。請記住,強調句的it是無法還原的!
- 因為不是代名詞,所以不會有雙重指代的問題。
4. 固定搭配
It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other at close range.
- 少部分的it是做固定搭配之用。不要想著嘗試還原或找指代,是沒有辦法的。所以建議只好背起來。
- 目前最常見的是:it + seems / is likely /appear / is said / is possible / known + that S+V。
- 因為不是代名詞,所以不會有雙重指代的問題。