SC知識點：（語意合理性）簡單動名詞（Ving）v.s. 複雜動名詞（the Ving）與動作性名詞（action noun）
SC有時候會考這樣的細微語意考點：
Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines in that they will jointly adopt emission limits that would be far stricter than the federal rules.
(B) to impose new controls on truck and bus engines’ pollution by the joint adoption of
(C) to impose new controls on pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting
也就是如何分辨語意上該用Ving，還是用the Ving / action noun。
表常態動作動名詞（Ving）：
無特定時間，無特定對象，單純表動作本身。誰來做、任何時間來做這個動作都沒關係。
表事實事件動名詞（the/N’s Ving）/動作性名詞（action noun）：
有特定時間或特定對象，指真實發生的事件。
＊表事實事件動名詞跟動作性名詞在語義上無差別。僅有冗長精簡的差別：若名詞有動作性名詞的形式（如consumption）就不需改成較冗長的表事實事件動名詞（the consuming）
請用以下例子感受語意上的差異：
考高分是申請優秀商學院的必要條件。
應用表常態動作動名詞（Ving）。語意上讀得出來，在講的內容並非特定某個事件。而是無論任何時間都適用的常態道理。
他把自己考高分的功勞歸於踏實總結。
應用表事實事件動名詞（Ving）或動作性名詞（action noun）。因為語意中表真實發生的特定事件。
去年考高分的案例變多了。
應用表事實事件動名詞（Ving）或動作性名詞（action noun）。因為語意中表真實發生的特定事件。
以下再舉兩個例子，供大家自行以語意感受其為何適用：
Imitating those who speak English fluently will help your communication skill.
His imitation to the famous actor John Smith was excellent.
Excessively Surfing on Internet wasted a lot of time for modern people.
The slow surfing on Internet yesterday was a disaster.
現在來看題目。（請注意，雖然以下選項都有其他考點可以解掉，但請focus在判斷是用哪一種動名詞）
Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, was a well-established method of mineral extraction as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
(C) was a well-established method of mineral extraction
(D) was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was
Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on cultivating such crops as corn and beans, harvesting fish and seafood, and exploiting other wild and domestic resources.
(A) based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, harvesting fish and seafood, and exploiting
(B) based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of
關於第二題，由於語意在討論的是Mochica民族是如何建構他們的社會，所以是真實發生的特定事件，使用表事實事件的動作性名詞cultivation / exploitation 或 複雜動名詞 the harvesting。
最後這一題，就讓大家自己練習吧！
That twenty-one ceramic dog figurines were discovered during the excavating of a 1,000-year-old Hohokam village in Tempe, Arizona, has nearly doubled the number of these artifacts known to exist.
(C) Discovering twenty-one ceramic dog figurines at the excavating
(E) The discovery of twenty-one ceramic dog figurines during the excavation
About Dustin
最不專業的GMAT教學分享平台。
最討厭商學院卻考了GMAT。
為GMAT考生打造的輔助學習網站。
（那個，拜託，不要叫我老師或顧問。）